非谓语动词用法总结及思维导图
主要围绕非谓语动词用法总结及思维导图展开,非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词和分词等形式,其用法多样且复杂,通过总结能清晰梳理出它在句子中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等不同成分时的具体规则与特点,而思维导图则以直观形象的方式,将非谓语动词的各类用法及相关要点进行系统呈现,有助于学习者更高效地理解和记忆非谓语动词的用法,为准确运用非谓语动词进行英语表达提供有力的学习工具,提升语言运用能力。
非谓语动词是英语中非常重要的语法项目,它包括动词不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词),非谓语动词在句子中可以充当多种成分,如主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语等,掌握非谓语动词的用法对于提高英语语言表达能力至关重要,以下将详细总结非谓语动词的各种用法。
动词不定式
(一)作主语
直接作主语 动词不定式作主语时,谓语动词常用第三人称单数形式。 To learn a foreign language is not easy.(学习一门外语不容易。) 这种情况下,为了避免句子头重脚轻,常用 it 作形式主语,而将真正的主语动词不定式后置,即:It + is/was + 形容词/名词 + (for sb.) + to do sth. It is important for us to protect the environment.(对我们来说保护环境很重要。) It takes me an hour to do my homework every day.(每天做作业花费我一个小时。)
(二)作宾语
- 某些动词后只能接动词不定式作宾语,常见的有:want, hope, wish, decide, plan, agree, refuse, offer, fail, manage, learn, afford 等。 I want to buy a new book.(我想买一本新书。) He hopes to pass the exam.(他希望通过考试。)
- 有些动词后接“疑问词 + 动词不定式”作宾语,如:know, learn, forget, remember, show, teach, tell 等。 I don't know how to solve this problem.(我不知道如何解决这个问题。) Please tell me where to go.(请告诉我去哪里。)
(三)作表语
动词不定式作表语,常用来表示主语的内容或目的。 My dream is to become a doctor.(我的梦想是成为一名医生。) The purpose of this activity is to raise money for the poor.(这个活动的目的是为穷人筹集资金。)
(四)作定语
- 动词不定式作定语时,通常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。 I have a lot of work to do.(我有很多工作要做。) There is nothing to worry about.(没有什么可担心的。)
- 如果不定式中的动词和被修饰的名词有动宾关系,而这个不定式是不及物动词,后面需加上适当的介词。 I need a pen to write with.(我需要一支笔来写字。) This is a good place to live in.(这是一个居住的好地方。)
(五)作状语
- 作目的状语 动词不定式作目的状语时,常位于句首或句末,通常用 in order to / so as to 来引导,so as to 不能用于句首。 In order to catch the early bus, he got up very early.(为了赶上早班车,他起得很早。) He ran quickly so as to get there on time.(他跑得很快以便按时到达那里。)
- 作结果状语 常用结构有:too...to...(太……而不能……);enough...to...(足够……去做……);so...as to...(…以至于……) He is too young to go to school.(他太小不能上学。) The box is light enough for me to carry.(这个箱子足够轻,我能搬得动。) He was so angry as to throw the book away.(他如此生气以至于把书扔掉了。)
- 作原因状语 通常放在表示情感的形容词或过去分词后面。 I'm glad to see you.(见到你我很高兴。) She was surprised to hear the news.(听到这个消息她很惊讶。)
(六)作宾语补足语
某些动词后可接动词不定式作宾语补足语,如:ask, tell, order, want, encourage, allow, wish, invite 等。 My teacher asked me to finish my homework on time.(我的老师要求我按时完成作业。) Parents should allow children to make their own decisions.(父母应该允许孩子自己做决定。)
动名词
(一)作主语
动名词作主语时,谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。 Reading aloud is very helpful in learning English.(大声朗读对学习英语很有帮助。) Collecting stamps is my hobby.(集邮是我的爱好。)
(二)作宾语
- 作动词宾语 许多动词后可接动名词作宾语,常见的有:enjoy, finish, practice, mind, suggest, consider, avoid, miss, keep 等。 I enjoy listening to music.(我喜欢听音乐。) He finished doing his homework.(他完成了作业。)
- 作介词宾语 动名词常作介词的宾语。 Thank you for helping me.(感谢你帮助我。) He is good at playing basketball.(他擅长打篮球。)
(三)作表语
动名词作表语时,说明主语的内容,常可与主语互换位置。 Her job is looking after the children.(她的工作是照顾孩子。) = Looking after the children is her job.
(四)作定语
动名词作定语时,表示被修饰词的用途。 a swimming pool(一个游泳池) a reading room(一个阅览室)
分词
(一)现在分词
- 作定语 现在分词作定语时,通常放在被修饰的名词之前,表示主动和进行的意义。 The running boy is my classmate.(正在跑步的男孩是我的同学。) Do you know the woman standing over there?(你认识站在那边的女人吗?)
- 作状语 现在分词作状语时,其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。 (1)作时间状语 相当于一个时间状语从句。 Hearing the news, he jumped with joy.(听到这个消息,他高兴得跳了起来。)( = When he heard the news, he jumped with joy.) (2)作原因状语 相当于一个原因状语从句。 Not knowing how to solve the problem, he asked his teacher for help.(因为不知道如何解决这个问题,他向老师求助。)( = Because he didn't know how to solve the problem, he asked his teacher for help.) (3)作结果状语 通常表示一种自然而然的结果。 His father died, leaving him a lot of money.(他父亲去世了,留给他很多钱。) (4)作伴随状语 表示与谓语动词同时发生的动作。 He sat there, reading a book.(他坐在那里读书。)
- 作宾语补足语 常放在宾语后面,表示宾语的动作或状态,常见的动词有:see, hear, watch, notice, find, have, keep 等。 I saw him playing football on the playground.(我看见他在操场上踢足球。) We should keep the classroom clean.(我们应该保持教室干净。)
(二)过去分词
- 作定语 过去分词作定语时,通常放在被修饰的名词之前,表示被动和完成的意义。 The broken window needs to be repaired.(破窗户需要修理。) The excited people cheered for their team.(兴奋的人们为他们的球队欢呼。)
- 作状语 过去分词作状语时,其逻辑主语也必须与句子的主语一致。 (1)作时间状语 相当于一个时间状语从句。 Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks very beautiful.(从山顶上看,这座城市看起来非常漂亮。)( = When it is seen from the top of the hill, the city looks very beautiful.) (2)作原因状语 相当于一个原因状语从句。 Given more time, I can do it better.(如果给我更多时间,我能做得更好。)( = Because I am given more time, I can do it better.) (3)作条件状语 相当于一个条件状语从句。 United, we stand; divided, we fall.(团结,我们就会胜利;分裂,我们就会失败。)( = If we are united, we stand; if we are divided, we fall.)
- 作宾语补足语 常放在宾语后面,表示宾语的状态,常见的动词有:see, hear, watch, notice, find, have, get, make 等。 I had my hair cut yesterday.(我昨天理发了。) We found the village greatly changed.(我们发现这个村庄变化很大。)
非谓语动词在英语中有着广泛的应用,其用法较为复杂,需要通过大量的练习和阅读来熟练掌握,才能在英语学习中准确运用非谓语动词,提高语言表达的准确性和流畅性。


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